Class 12 Biology (NCERT)

1. Biodiversity refers to the:

• A. Variety and variability of life forms found within a given region
• B. Total number of distinct ecosystems present, without regard to species
• C. Total population size of a single species
• D. Genetic makeup of a single, individual organism

2. The three main levels at which biodiversity is generally studied and classified are:

• A. Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity
• B. Species diversity alone
• C. Genetic diversity alone
• D. Ecosystem diversity alone

3. According to the species-area relationship, species richness generally:

• A. Increases with increasing area, following a roughly logarithmic relationship
• B. Decreases as the area under consideration increases
• C. Remains essentially constant regardless of the area studied
• D. Shows no meaningful relationship with area at all

4. Regions characterized by exceptionally high species richness along with a high degree of endemism are called:

• A. Biodiversity hotspots
• B. Sacred groves
• C. Protected forests
• D. Wetlands

5. The single most significant cause of the ongoing loss of global biodiversity is generally considered to be:

• A. Habitat loss and fragmentation
• B. The natural, ongoing process of evolution
• C. An excessive overall abundance of biodiversity
• D. Overproduction of natural resources

6. Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity refers to conservation efforts undertaken:

• A. Outside an organism's natural habitat, such as in zoos, botanical gardens, or seed banks
• B. Strictly within the organism's own natural habitat
• C. Solely through the enactment of legal protection measures
• D. Solely through general public awareness campaigns

7. In-situ conservation of biodiversity refers to conservation efforts undertaken:

• A. Within an organism's own natural habitat, such as in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries
• B. Entirely outside of an organism's natural habitat
• C. Solely within a controlled laboratory setting
• D. Solely through captive breeding programs

8. The IUCN Red List is primarily used to:

• A. Classify and formally document species according to their relative risk of extinction
• B. List all officially protected areas found around the world
• C. Record global biodiversity hotspots exclusively
• D. Record only species that have been newly discovered

9. Sacred groves, which have traditionally been protected by local communities for religious or cultural reasons, are examples of:

• A. In-situ conservation
• B. Ex-situ conservation
• C. Zoo-based conservation
• D. Seed bank conservation

10. The overall rate of species extinction has significantly accelerated in recent times, largely due to:

• A. Human activities such as widespread deforestation and pollution
• B. Purely natural, long-term climatic cycles acting alone
• C. An unusually stable and unchanging global environment
• D. A general reduction in the size of the human population

11. Species that are found exclusively within a particular geographic region, and nowhere else in the world, are referred to as:

• A. Endemic species
• B. Invasive species
• C. Migratory species
• D. Extinct species

12. The Convention on Biological Diversity (also known as the Rio Convention) primarily aims at promoting:

• A. The conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity
• B. Industrial development, without regard to environmental impact
• C. Urban planning initiatives exclusively
• D. Ocean exploration activities exclusively